What is Ultrasonic Extraction ？
Intoduction：
The extraction and separation of ultrasonic waves are mainly based on the design disciplines of the active and active ingredients in the substance, including their existence status, polarity, solubility, etc.
Reasonably use ultrasonic vibration method to extract new technology, allowing solvents to quickly enter solid materials. The organic matter contained in its substance should be completely dissolved in the solvent as much as possible to obtain a multi-component mixed extract.
Ultrasonic technology enhances the extraction process and can effectively improve the extraction separation rate. It can shorten extraction time, save costs, and even improve product quality and yield.
Principle:
In ultrasonic extraction, the mechanical energy generated by ultrasound is applied to the sample (as shown in the following figure). This ultrasonic treatment leads to cavitation phenomenon, which is the generation of small vacuum bubbles or voids in the liquid, which will burst onto the solid sample, resulting in local high temperature (about 4500 degrees Celsius) and pressure (about 50 megapascals). These forces produce effects such as sound breakdown, cell membrane destruction, and extraction of intracellular substances.
1. Application in nicotine extraction
The nicotine components in tobacco have high practical value in agriculture and medicine, and ultrasonic extraction technology can effectively extract the nicotine components in tobacco. In this application research, researchers mainly investigated the effects of factors such as extractant concentration, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, and ultrasound temperature on the extraction efficiency of nicotine components. Cong Xiuzhi uses 40% methanol as the extraction agent, with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20, an extraction time of 30 minutes, and an ultrasonic temperature of 150 ℃. The extraction rate of nicotine can reach about 7%. Chu Zhibing and others used 0.4% NaOH as the extraction agent, with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:40 and a room temperature ultrasonic extraction time of 4 hours, resulting in a nicotine extraction rate of 2.12%. 78% ethanol was used as the extraction agent, with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5, an extraction time of 30 minutes, and an ultrasonic temperature of 52 ℃,
The extraction amount of nicotine is 23.1mg/mL. Using 95% ethanol with a pH of 4 as the solvent, solid-liquid ratio of 1:15, and ultrasonic temperature of 80 ℃ for extraction twice for 45 minutes each time, the nicotine extraction rate can reach 95.42%. Comparative analysis shows that its extraction effect is significantly better than that of heated reflux extraction (the latter is only 84.79%).
2. Application in the extraction of total flavonoids from lotus seed heart
Using lotus seed heart as the test material and ethanol solution as the extraction agent, single factor experiments and L9 (34) orthogonal experiments were conducted using ultrasonic extraction method to study the effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction temperature on the extraction rate of total flavonoids. The results showed that the main factor affecting the extraction rate of total flavonoids from lotus seed hearts was ethanol concentration, followed by extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and ultrasonic extraction time; The optimal extraction conditions are: ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction temperature of 70 ℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1:24g/mL, ultrasonic extraction time of 30 minutes, and the extraction rate of total flavonoids obtained under these conditions is 10.86mg/g.
3. Application in the extraction of polysaccharides from goji berries
The extraction process of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides using ultrasound was studied, and the content of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides was measured by spectrophotometry. The extraction process of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides using ultrasound assisted water extraction was systematically studied through a stop crossing experiment. The optimal process was determined, which was soaking at 50 ℃, a material water ratio of 1:60, for 2.5 hours, and ultrasonic extraction for 5 minutes. The highest extraction rate of polysaccharides was 50.36%.
Advantage:
1. Ultrasonic extraction is not easily limited by the use of solvents and allows the addition of co extractants to further increase the polarity of the liquid phase and improve extraction efficiency.
2. Compared with supercritical CO2 extraction and ultra-high pressure extraction, ultrasonic extraction equipment is simple and extraction costs are low.
3. Unlike traditional boiling or reflux methods, ultrasonic extraction does not require heating to prevent damage to the active ingredients caused by prolonged heating, making it particularly suitable for the extraction of thermosensitive substances.
4. In most cases, ultrasonic extraction has fewer steps, a simple extraction process, and is less likely to cause contamination of the extract.
5. Ultrasonic extraction technology improves the extraction rate of active ingredients, ensures optimal utilization of raw materials, reduces solvent consumption, and can achieve significant economic benefits.
6. Ultrasonic extraction technology is a physical process that involves no chemical reactions throughout the entire extraction process, with minimal impact on the activity of active ingredients.
