Ultrasonic Drug Extraction And Pharmaceutical Purification Process

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Ultrasonic-assisted drug extraction and pharmaceutical purification leverages the mechanical vibration and cavitation effects of ultrasound to improve the extraction efficiency of medicinal components.

 

First, selected herbal materials are crushed to a suitable particle size. This step increases the specific surface area and facilitates subsequent extraction. Appropriate extraction solvents are chosen according to the target active constituents; common options include water, alcohols and ethyl acetate. The pulverized herbal raw materials are mixed with the selected solvent and loaded into an ultrasonic extraction system. Operators set a proper ultrasonic frequency (typically 20–40 kHz) and treatment duration (ranging from 30 minutes to several hours).

 

Ultrasound induces cavitation, which enables the solvent to infiltrate the internal structure of herbal tissues and accelerates the release of active substances for extraction. Once extraction completes, solid residues are separated by filtration to obtain the crude extract solution. The filtrate is concentrated with a rotary evaporator or other concentration equipment to raise the concentration of target active ingredients. Finally, further purification of the concentrated extract is carried out via column chromatography, crystallization and other separation techniques.

 

 

 

1. Properties of medicinal herbs

Hardness and fibrous structure: Hard medicinal materials (e.g., rhizomes) generally require longer extraction durations and higher ultrasonic power. Soft herbal materials such as flower petals are much easier to extract. Solubility of active ingredients: Active constituents from different herbal species show varying solubility in different solvents. This factor guides solvent selection and directly impacts overall extraction efficiency.

 

2. Ultrasonic frequency

Low frequency (20–30 kHz): Suited for hard medicinal raw materials and generates stronger cavitation.

High frequency (30–40 kHz): Ideal for delicate herbal samples and helps minimise damage to herbal tissues.

 

3. Ultrasonic power

Power settings: Excessively high power can generate excessive heat and degrade certain heat‑sensitive active substances. Insufficient power, on the other hand, leads to poor extraction performance. A working range of 100–500 W is commonly recommended.

 

4. Extraction time

Short extraction (≤ 30 min): Used for rapid extraction, primarily for heat‑sensitive ingredients.

Long extraction (> 1 h): Applied to herbal materials that need sufficient release of active constituents, mostly root and stem herbs.

 

5. Temperature control

Ambient-temperature extraction: Recommended for heat‑sensitive compounds to prevent degradation. Heated extraction: Moderate heating (e.g., 60 °C) accelerates extraction for certain target components. Temperature must be closely monitored to avoid ingredient loss.

 

6. Solvent selection

Polar solvents including water and ethanol are used to extract polar active constituents.

Non‑polar solvents such as diethyl ether and petroleum ether are suitable for isolating non‑polar components.

 

 

 

1. Ginseng:

Water or ethanol is commonly adopted as the extraction solvent. Recommended ultrasonic power is 200–300 W, with an extraction duration of 1 hour.

 

2. Coptis chinensis (Huanglian):

Water or ethanol works well for extraction. Set the ultrasonic power to 100–200 W for approximately 30 minutes.

 

3. Goji berries:

Water is the typical extraction solvent. The suggested ultrasonic power is 200 W, and the extraction lasts 30 minutes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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